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It is thought that people have been jogging and running since the beginning of time. People ran for various reasons from catching dinner to entertainment to escaping from danger. Racing became popular in ancient Greece and Rome. The word marathon is actually derived from Marathon, Greece. The sandals worn by these people exemplified this active lifestyle. They were open so the foot would stay cool and had straps behind the heel so the foot would stay in place. Even though these types of sandals were popular during this time period Olympic runners ran barefoot. The only event that was held at the first Olympics was a 200-yard race. Only men were allowed to participate and there was only one race held per day. The runners found that the sandals that were good for everyday use were clumsy and not quite developed enough to be advantageous for racing.
Runners began to add layers of moss to the insides of their shoes for comfort,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], support,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and absorbency. They were trying to achieve qualities in footwear that we today strive to achieve. Sandals were still the most popular type of shoes to the Greeks and Romans as they are still today in similarly warm climates. During this time period shoes only came in at most three sizes, leaving a lot to be desired as far as comfort is concerned. Most shoes also had no distinction between the left and the right the sole was a straight piece of material. It wasn't until 1800 that the first shoes were manufactured specifically for the left and right foot.
The 19th century was a time of immense development for rubber. Wait Webster of New York received the first patent for rubber soled shoes known as plimsoles. They were developed and manufactured in the United States using India rubber. A few decades later Charles Goodyear introduced vulcanization, which is the heating up of rubber and addition of sulfur to add strength and flexibility. After the rubber was heated it was melded to cloth or other rubbers. Rubber Company.
In the 1860's a sewing machine was developed that was able to chain stitch together the upper,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], lower and inner parts of the shoe. Various types of sewing machines were being used in great numbers across the country; the sewing machine was one of the great inventions to come out of the industrial revolution going on in North America during this time. The use of the sewing machine wasn't necessary until now when shoes began to be mass-produced and distributed. The first rubber and canvas shoes were also manufactured during the 1860's.
These rubber and canvas shoes were called sneaks or sneakers. It is thought that the name is derived from the fact that they were the only shoes, except moccasins, that didn't make noise when worn; the wearer could literally sneak around. Sneakers were practical for all types of uses from everyday use to athletic activities. Ayer and Son coined the word. Rubber Company manufactured products under 30 different brand names until 1916. They decided it would be best to market their many sneakers under one name. Their top choice was Peds, Latin for foot, but this was already a registered trademark so they decided on either Veds or Keds. Finally they chose Keds because it sounded stronger.
Even though shoe technology had come a long way since the barefoot runners in the Olympics companies had yet to develop shoes for specifics athletic activities. Joseph William Foster was an avid runner and desired to have a shoe conducive to running. He invented a shoe that became highly demanded among his friends. Eventually, after two generations of shoe production, the company became known as Reebok, named after a fast running gazelle. Foster's company noticed the high demand for specialized shoes and not just in type also in fit and design. His company began to create custom running shoes for many of the top athletes.
In the mid 1930's Jesse Owens won four gold medals at the Berlin Olympics wearing shoes made by brothers Rudolph and Adolph Dassler. The brothers later split to create two companies known as Puma, named after a big cat, and Adidas, named after Adolph's nickname Adi (Das). Adolph ran his company based on the "fundamental belief that sport comes first." This is a sign of the times that people were buying and desiring shoes that were specifically designed for their needs and a sign that the companies recognized this desire. Still today that mindset is posted on the home page of the Adidas website.
Phil Knight,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a business major at the University of Oregon and a miler on the track team was unhappy with the types of running shoes that were currently available. In the early 1960's he decided along with his coach Bill Bowerman to form a company to market a shoe that Bowerman had designed. The shoe was lightweight and comfortable in running conditions. Bowerman and Knight did the only marketing in person. The pair traveled the country to track meets selling their running shoes and becoming more and more successful and well known. The shoes were first known as Tiger Shoes and their defining characteristic was a cushion heel wedge designed by Bowerman. The company, originally called Blue Ribbon Sports,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], became known as Nike, named after the Greek goddess of victory.
Demand for the specialized shoe showed that consumers were ready for further innovation in footwear. The first big innovation for Nike came in 1972 when Bowerman poured rubber into a waffle iron in his kitchen. This was the birth of the waffle sole as well as the best selling running shoe in the country. Later on that year Bowerman paid a student $35 to deign a trademark for the growing company. He wasn't thrilled with the "swoosh" that the student came up with but it was to later become the backbone of Nike advertising,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a status symbol, and a cultural icon. Nike soon became by far the leader in athletic footwear sales and design.
NASA was not only making strides for the space program during the late 20th century, but was also working with Nike to develop the first air cushioned athletic shoe. Frank Rudy from NASA brought the idea of bags filled with pressurized gas that compress under impact to Nike. The bags absorb shock and cushion the foot. The cushioned were placed in the soles on Nike shoes and are still used today, twenty years later.
Nike took advantage of big name sports stars during the 1980's and 1990's. Endorsements from people such as Michael Jordan accompanied with the feeling of movement produced by the "swoosh" and the catchy phrase "Just Do It." The television commercials for Nike portray the same feeling of movement that was the desired effect of the "swoosh". By choosing sport super stars Nike appealed to the younger generations who idolized these figures and aspired to "be like Mike",[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. Nike advertising helped to boost sales and create some of the most effective and memorable advertising seen thus far. Athletic shoes were becoming more of a fashion statement than an athletic item. There were even reports in the early 1990's of people killing to wear brand names. A teenager in Detroit was shot for his parka and $70 Nike shoes.
As Nike becomes more and more of a status symbol,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], cultural icon, and success they begin to add two new designs to their line each year. Sales increase in the early 1990's to over $6 billion. People began to call into question the huge profits that Nike was bringing in annually. It was discovered that the company was paying workers in Indonesia as little as 15 cents an hour to manufacture Nike products. Regardless though of the bad press that surrounded Nike during these years they continued to develop innovative technology for running shoes and stay on top. The shoes each year became more complicated and more expensive.
Another shoe manufacturer, Fila,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], was also creating high end, complex shoes. These shoes appeared to be athletic but weren't designed with any sport, such as jogging,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in mind when they were designed. They were created for the 70% of consumers that buy athletic shoes but don't use them for sports. Fila based a lot of their advertising campaigns on the complexity of the shoe. When worn the complexity of the shoe makes the shoe look like it was designed with greater care and expense making the wearer look like someone deserving of such attention to a single aspect of their clothing. The Fila shoes and advertising also placed great emphasis on the Fila logo. The manufacturer understood that the people wearing the shoes wanted everyone to know what brand they were wearing and what brand they could afford.
Several youth sub cultures began to emerge and rebel against the highly complex, expensive, and over marketed shoes produced by companies such as Nike and Fila. Smaller companies such as Adidas and Puma recognized the emergence of these groups and began to cater to their desires. The "old school" style of shoes from the 1960's and 1970's was popular among many of these sub cultures. Adidas began to remanufacture 1960's era sneakers that boosted their sales 80%. Puma also introduced 1960's style basketball sneakers, one million of which were quickly sold. The demand for these sneakers showed the much of America's youth was tired of paying too much for products they don't need. Since 70% of the athletic shoes purchased weren't being worn for their intended purpose then why should they be buying them at all?
Vans and Airwalk were two additional shoe manufacturers popular among these groups. The shoes were simple, practical and reasonably priced. Vans main marketing strategy was "back to the basics" as well as promoting their made in America policies. The latter strategy was an additional stab at Nike. Since consumers were outraged at Nike manufacturing plants Vans used this outrage to their advantage making the consumer feel like they were on the same side against companies such as Nike. From the success of these companies it is clear the Americans were fed up with over priced footwear.
Nike still remains the leader in active footwear by a long shot. The innovations they have developed as well as their use of common ideology in their advertising keep them at the top,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. As far as serious runners and joggers are concerned few have any qualms against complex or pricey shoes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. Their main goal when purchasing footwear is to buy the product that is right for their sport.
Come here to me. You don't need socks. I love the feel of your skin inside me. Lace me up. Tighter. I want a good fit. There. Mmmmmm, good. Now let's go outside.
Smell the sweet, thick night air. Take off your shirt. It's summer, lover, and time to sweat. That's right, start slow and easy, light quick steps flicking along my last. Stay just like that for a couple of miles. Let your body loosen and warm, get a feel for the rhythm of our movement, allow the nighttime miles to untangle you like a comb through your wife's dark hair.
Turn this corner. You like this part. A long, well-lit straightaway where you open your stride and pick up the pace. Yes. Just like that. Faster. I want to feel you push-off deep inside my toe box. Deeper deeper oh God yes. Harder. I can see you sweat now, the drops springing off your body with every thrust. More more more more more.
You're slowing down. Don't play with me like that. You know how I like it. Don't worry. In a month or so you'll be flying, an effortless ghost of endless power.
Oh. Still frisky, I see. And taking a new way home. That dirt path beside the creek. Grind me in to it, boy. Make me feel dirty. I'm your sole slut. Yeah. I love the mud smearing on my uppers. And you're picking up the pace again, lover. You must want it bad.
Back on pavement. My GOD -- how long can you keep this up? Up that last hill. Jesuschrist,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you are going so hard. Pump me pump me. You're driving me over the top. Ohgodohgodohgodohgod. Yesyesyesyesyesyesyes. See your porch lights, stud? Kick in that extra gear. Ohohohohohohoh. Aaaauuuuhhhhhwwwwweheheh.
Walk for a bit. Let's catch out breath. Whew. You're all slick and slippery. My laces are matted and wet. My tongue laps up your juices. That was good,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but think of what you'll be like with some training. Whew. Thanks.
Be gentle sliding out of me. Linger. Loosen my laces so I can breathe. Aaahhhh. This night air on my dampness feels soooo good,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
Put me on the front porch where I can dry and keep an eye on the roads and weather for you. I'd love to join you in the shower, but that would ruin me for you, and we can't have that.
Now drink some water and stretch. Eat a peach. I want you ready for tomorrow. I want to feel us rushing through the night air and you pounding me over and over and over again. My gel is getting twitchy just thinking about it.相关的主题文章：

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