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In this example, the lack of fresh ingredients is either acommon mistake or it is the most common mistake; there generallycannot be two, or more, most common mistakes. [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] A case where therecan be two "mosts" is in an exact tie. For example, if 20mistakes are made and two of them occur six times each (makingup 12 of the 20 mistakes) and the remaining eight mistakes areall different, then the two mistakes that occurred six timeseach could be labeled as the most common mistakes.
The third rule is an extension of the second rule; do not use acomma to separate a sentence from text that could not be acomplete clause on its own. The example below shows an incorrectuse of a comma [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] in this situation.
Acronyms and Abbreviations Completely spell out acronyms andabbreviations the first time they are used. Once a writerdecides to use an acronym or abbreviation they should be usedthroughout the remainder of the text, switching back and forthbetween the full spelling and the acronym or abbreviation shouldbe avoided.
The sentence below shows another way that a comparative can [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] bewritten incorrectly.
John is a big person, i.e., he is over six feet tall.
To use a comparative there needs to be something compared tosomething else. The bulldog either was the smallest of the threedogs or was smaller than another dog in the group. Bothsentences below are written correctly.
Splitting infinitives is not criticized to the degree it hasbeen in the past. As many reputable sources explain,occasionally splitting an infinitive is acceptable. Even someprogressive English teachers will agree with this idea. CompactOxford Online Dictionary explains that the rule for notsplitting infinitives was based on an analogy to Latin, alanguage that writes infinitives as one word, such as bibere 'todrink.' The decision to argue with an English teacher about theacceptance of [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] splitting infinitives is your decision to make. AsOxford states, "?in standard English the use of splitinfinitives is broadly accepted as both normal and useful.1" Ifyou do decide to argue with an English teacher, feel free topoint out that people such as John Donne, William Wordsworth,and Benjamin Franklin split infinitives at will. The largerproblem occurs when a writer consistently splits theirinfinitives. If splitting the infinitive helps with emphasis orthe statement flows better go ahead and split the infinitive.
1 Compact Oxford Online Dictionary. 25 January 2005.
He was going to investigate the theft quickly. OR He wasquickly going to investigate the theft.
A third sentence, shown below would also be correct.
He was going to quickly investigate the theft. Tommy likes toneatly color in his book.
The bulldog was smaller than the German shepherd and the St.Bernard. The bulldog was the smallest of the three dogs.
Bob bought a whole bunch of office supplies, pens, pencils,staples, paper, highlighters, and erasers on his way home. Hepurchased so many things that when he got home he realized thathe had forgotten a bag at the store. He had his pens andpencils, but the staples etc. were still at the store.
One of the most common mistakes a cook makes is not using freshingredients.
This is written correctly because the bulldog is compared to apair. It is clear from the sentence that the other two dogs, bybeing grouped together, are larger than the bulldog.
Split Infinitives First [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] let us exam the famously frowned [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] uponsplit infinitive. Maybe some readers do not know, or do notremember, what a split infinitive is exactly. To understandsplit infinitives readers must first remember what constitutesan infinitive. An infinitive is a phrase that includes a verbpreceded by the word "to," such as, "to play" or "toinvestigate." Now that we know what an infinitive is maybe weremember our English teachers lecturing us against "splitting"them. Simply put, a split infinitive is when a writer puts aword between the word "to" and the associated verb. Therefore, asplit infinitive would look something like the followingexamples:
The bulldog was smaller than the other two dogs.
Tommy likes to color neatly in his book. OR Tommy likes tocolor in his book neatly.
The black horse is fast, e.g., it has won all of its races.
Comma Use The use of commas can be confusing for many writers.Three rules for using commas are addressed here. The first ruleinvolves comma use when a series is given, such as in theexample below.
The second rule for use of commas is to use a comma before the"and" when a wholly correct clause is introduced. The way todetermine if the clause is wholly correct is to ask if it makessense on its own, such as having its own subject(s) and verb(s).The example below shows two clauses separated by "and," alongwith a correctly used comma.
Superlatives and Comparatives Writers should also strive to usesuperlatives and comparatives correctly. Some cases of incorrectuse may sound okay, but if the author remembers the rules thatthey learned for using superlatives and comparatives they willrealize that they have made the error. For example when asentence is written as below it sounds correct, but it is not.
We went to the store, and Joan bought some juice.
As a previous article ("Making Better Word Choices - 4Examples") explained, writers can take steps to prevent simple,and common, errors from degrading their writing. Five areas ofwriting that cause authors problems are discussed in thisarticle.
The ending of the example [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] sentence ("?and sleep") is not acomplete sentence on its [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] own, therefore, a comma should not beused before "and."
We are going home, and sleep.
By using the rules above your writing will make more sense [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] andwill be correct. Future articles will address other writingerrors and provide additional advice.
These two examples would be re-written as shown below.
Some readers may consider this rule controversial; some teachersand editors may say the final comma is not necessary, in myopinion the use of the final comma is more appropriate than not.If, for some reason, your teacher or editor tells you the finalcomma is unnecessary then ask them to explain why, I do not havean [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] explanation as to why some have a preference for not usingthe final comma. Do not use a comma when only two items are inthe series, such as in the sentence below.
Using "etc.," "i.e.," and "e.g." The final rules discussed inthis article involve the use of several common abbreviations.The first abbreviation is "etc." This comes from Latin and is anabbreviation for et cetera, which means "and others." First,make sure that a period is included at the end; second, makesure that the "others" have been specified previously. A finalnote on this abbreviation, if it is used put the letters in thecorrect order; "ect." is not correct. The second abbreviationoften misused is "i.e." Also from Latin, this is a shortenedform of id est which means "that is." When used correctly [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] thisabbreviation indicates an alternative way of stating [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] something.The most common error when using "i.e." is not following it witha comma; there should be two periods and a comma in thisabbreviation. The final abbreviation discussed in this articleis "e.g." Again, this is an abbreviation for a Latin phrase,"exempla gratia." This is used when the writer means "forexample" or "for instance." Some people believe that "e.g."stands for example given, this is not true, but it can be ahelpful way to remember that it does have something to do withan example. Similar to the use of "i.e." many writers forget toput a comma after the second period in "e.g." Below are threecorrect examples of these abbreviations.
I saw birds and fish at the pet store.
I bought carrots, peas, and watermelons.
Of the three dogs, the bulldog was the smaller.
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