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America's history of tainted consumer goods,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
If future historians ask which developing economy was the larger counterfeiter of consumer products - China or the Usa - it won't be easy to decide. Product adulteration is neither a foreign monopoly nor a new issue.
Current scandals might lead people to think that food and product safety regulations were the natural evolution of economic and good government. But it took consumer outrage to create needed changes in America in the early 20th century,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
A century ago, US consumers feared domestic products. They distrusted everything from candy to meat to medicine. Newspapers broke stories daily revealing that even reputable shops sold flatware with less silver content than advertised and walnut furniture made of gum wood. Buyers had to be wary or they'd be cheated or, worse, poisoned.
Product adulteration was already a venerable tradition in the usa by then. Throughout the Civil War,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Union soldiers' shoddy uniforms fell to pieces and their shoes disintegrated. They paraded barefoot,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and recruits sometimes needed to use flour sacks to hide their bare backsides.
Why was long underwear red,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]? Because red dye wouldn't take well to cotton,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. So the bright red color was proof that long johns were genuine wool,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
By the time Upton Sinclair published his exposé from the meat industry,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "The Jungle,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," in 1906, the adulteration of meat was old news. During the 1898 Spanish-American war,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], consumers became sensitized towards the issue of "embalmed beef" when a general went public about the impurity of Army meat rations. The defense that the beef wasn't any different from that sold towards the public only increased the alarm. Although the charges were never proved that spoiled meats were doctored to make them appear fresh,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a skeptical public demanded more government watchdogs.
Any food could be apart from what it seemed. Blackberry brandy, an answer well-liked by invalids, rarely contained a trace of blackberries, but plenty of coal-tar dye. Candy, too, was colored with harmful dyes and tainted with ingredients such as paraffin and shellac. Milk, meanwhile, was preserved with formaldehyde.
Still, Americans prefer to look abroad for culprits. Asians will always be an easy target. When Chinese restaurants emerged in the 1890s, rumors spread they served cat and rat meat. British tea growers proclaimed to the US market that their teas were 100 % pure,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but that Chinese teas contained foreign matter. Today, it is hard to credit how stigmatized the "Made in Japan" label was previously.
Food adulteration and product counterfeiting has nothing related to nationality, ethnicity,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or even supposed backwardness. Economic development actually facilitates adulteration. Even though it is as old because the history of trade,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in its modern manifestations it's the stepchild of science.
Scientific development breeds sophisticated trickery via new preservatives, dyes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and fillers. The conditions that promote adulteration are clear: a rapidly expanding economy and lax government controls, coupled with bargain-hungry consumers driving a market for cheap goods. It can happen anywhere.
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