www.luntacunt.fora.pl

xyrva0h5

Author is associated with Uk Writing service which is a global Research Paper and Term Paper Writing Company. If you would like help in Research Papers and Term Paper Help you can visit online Uk best essay company.
On Crete Island in-between 1400 to 1700 BC, Minoans built impressive palaces and burial chambers using a mixture of stone, plaster and mud brick. They decorated buildings [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] by painting them with beautiful symbols that depicted Greek culture. These buildings did not last for long for severe earthquakes hit the area at around 1200 BC destroying most of the buildings. Mycenaean's from mainland Greece annexed this region a few centuries [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] down the line from where a unified Greek [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] civilization and culture was formed. There are three eras in which Ancient Greece architecture and art is divided. These range from the Archaic Period, Classical Period and Hellenistic period that occurred from 600-500, 500-323 and 323-27 [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] BC respectively. The Greeks had started replacing wooden structures with stones through a process known as petrification by 600 BC. Metals such as brass and bronze were used for decorating public buildings. Walls and columns were made using marble and limestone.
Ornaments and roof tiles were made using terracotta. Public buildings consisted of sports stadiums, temples, municipal structures and theatres. During this period, architects received little recognition. They were regarded as common businessmen. However, this changed at the beginning of fifth century BC. Greek architects used simple lintel and post building techniques. [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] Through the arch [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] invented by Romans, it was now possible to create spacious buildings. The Greek architects emulated this design in order to enable them construct buildings with more interior space without having to incur extra overhead costs. These architects had difficulties trying to construct buildings with expansive interior spaces without using rows of internally placed [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] support columns. Building materials that were scarce such as marble were used for decorating sculptures and constructing elaborate [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] buildings like the Parthenon. Other buildings were constructed using standard format that involved the use of tuff or large blocks of limestone. Hephaesteum was one of such buildings in Athens. Most buildings in Greece were decorated with magnificent works that depicted mythological events and heroes in Greek culture. Such works ranged from statues of a figurative nature, sculptures, friezes and pediments. Buildings such as the Parthenon consisted of rectangular building design that was surrounded by an array of columns on all four sides. Roofs were not domed and they were made of timber beams that were decorated with terracotta tiles.
The architects fitted most buildings with a pediment on every corner. The architects went further and decorated these pediments and lintels to improve the look of the building. The lintels were mainly found across the top of each side wall between the tops of the columns and the roof. Later, the Greek architects started building tholos which were circular structures instead of rectangular shapes especially in the construction of temples during fourth and fifth century BC. The tholos were decorated with [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] black marble to provide magnificent color contrasts and highlight certain architectural elements.
Classical orders as stated earlier were the rules through which building design was based. It guided the architects through the required proportions in construction of individual parts. This ensured that aesthetically pleasing designs were used in buildings regardless of type of materials or size of the building (Leach, 1992). These orders were classified into three, the Corinthian, Ionic and Doric. The later style was ascetic and formal in appearance. Ionic style was more decorative and restrained. Corinthian style was the latest of the three and it depicted a more elaborate form of Ionic order. The three styles have a different combination of height and base diameter ratios of their columns (Leach, 1992). Parthenon and the temple of Hephaestus in Athens are two good examples of Doric architecture typical of the classical age. Ionic style became popular during Hellenistic period.
Unlike Greek architecture was oriented towards intelligence and creativity, Romans sought recognition in the fields of construction, military and engineering. Roman architects relied on Etruscan and Greek techniques. The former used hydraulics to clear swamps and to construct arches. It is through the genius of roman art that Greek styles were preserved. The Roman state sought to entertain, impress and provide ample shelter for a growing population and the state players saw an opportunity in architecture. The state authorities needed to address two pressing issues, mainly the security and drainage. The desire for Roman state to dominate Italians and others fueled the need for highly functional and [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] large scale public buildings that were imposing and majestic. The Roman architects to this end managed to construct aqueducts such as Anio Novus, Segovia, aqua Claudia and many more. They also built roads and bridges such as the Pontu du Gard. Also, they built elaborate amphitheatres and sports facilities such as the Colloseum, public baths like the Caracalla, theatres, temples, central heating systems etc (Leach, 1992).
The spread of Roman Empire gave Roman architects the opportunity to build new towns from scratch. The town followed a two wide street grid plan. The first plan, the decumanus laid down the grid plan from east to west. The second plan was the cardo that ran from north to south axis (Leach, 1992). The architects showed prowess in building apartments in the city of Ostia where five storey buildings stood. Advances in new designs and discovery of new materials gave a boost to Roman architecture. The construction of roof domes and arches enhanced architectural Romantic designs. The capability and efficiency of aqueducts and bridges was enhanced by the use of arches.
In constructing such, only few columns were needed to give adequate support to the structure. As shown by secular constructions like the Pantheon and Christian basilicas, domed roofs enabled the construction of large interiors and impressive exterior. The Romans invented concrete in the third century BC. The concrete was a mixture of stones, sand, lime mortar and water. The invention marked the stage of revolution in Roman architecture and engineering. The mixture was not only strong but also convenient when compared to stones. This enabled the architects to be able to explore the limits of creativity. They no longer relied on the dogmatic Greek design plan that consisted of lines of pillars supporting architraves and undomed roofs. Geometry was relied on less thus enabling construction design to flow freely. Just like Greeks and Egyptians, [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] the Roman architects decorated their buildings with a wide scope of art. These included sculptures that ranged from busts of the emperor to reliefs and other statues. Mosaics and Fresco murals were also utilized (Samson, 1990).History of ArchitectureThere are two most renowned structures of Ancient Rome namely the Colosseum and Trajan's column. The former took 8 years to complete and had a seating capacity of around 50,000 people. It is estimated that over half a million people and one million wild animals lost their lives in this structure through the atrocious games that were played there. The other structure named after Emperor Trajan is has a highly detailed spiral bas relief sculpture. The monument tells of victories won by Trajan throughout Dacian wars.
Constantinople or former city of Byzantium was designated by the Roman emperor Constantine as the ideal city of Roman Empire after [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] the construction of St Peter's Basilica in 330 CE. The Roman Empire was later to be divided into two parts namely the eastern and western halves (Samson, 1990). Christianity had become strong by the time these divisions were taking place. It was later granted the status of official religion throughout the Roman Empire. Both events i.e. subdivision of Roman Empire and inauguration of Christianity as the official Religion of Roman Empire impacted on Roman architecture. The designation of Constantinople as the ideal city ensured the preservation of Roman culture which could have otherwise been eroded by barbaric invaders from Italy. Christianity influenced architectural themes for over 1, 200 years from this period.

相关的主题文章：

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]