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Biologists Study Evolution of Animal Cooperation,[url=http://duveticadoudoune.halod.com/][b]http://duveticadoudoune.halod.com/[/b][/url]
The researchers banded 334 young crows over a six-year period and only four of those banded settled on neighboring territories. and French scientists' study of male side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) adds a new twist to the social evolution puzzle. Cooperation among the lizards tends to occur between genetically similar,[url=http://monclerjackenonlinech.albirank.net/][b]Moncler Günstig[/b][/url], but not related, individuals.
"We show a completely new mechanism by which individuals can find genetically similar individuals with which they are more likely to cooperate," said Barry Sinervo, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of California at Santa Cruz.
The lizards belong to three different genetic categories that correspond to the color of their throats: blue, orange, and yellow. The categories are called morphs. Each morph exhibits a unique mating strategy.
Sinervo likens the mating strategy to the game of rock-paper-scissors that humans play.
In the game rock-paper-scissors, rock beats scissors, scissors beat paper,[url=http://woolrichoutletdeutschland.halod.com/][b]Woolrich Herren outlet deutschland[/b][/url], and paper beats rock. Among the lizards,[url=http://giuseppezanottisneakerssale.olimx.com/][b]discount giuseppe zanotti sneakers sale with big promotion[/b][/url], orange beats blue, blue beats yellow, and yellow beats orange. The result is a stable population in which no single colored lizard can dominate.
The orange males are aggressive "usurpers" that take over the mates of blues. The yellow males are "sneakers" because they mimic females and sneak behind the back of orange males to cuckold them,[url=http://woolrichparkaschweiz.albirank.net/][b]Woolrich Online Shop[/b][/url], or steal their mate. The blue males are "guarders" that watch over their mates and chase off yellow sneakers,[url=http://duveticaouterwear.blogspot.com/][b]duvetica outlet[/b][/url], but lose out against the usurpers.
In the study, Sinervo and colleague Jean Clobert at Universit Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris,[url=http://rogervivieronlinesale.olimx.com/][b]cheap roger vivier sale[/b][/url], France, found that blue males tend to establish territories close to other blue males. DNA analysis shows that the blue males are more genetically similar than would be expected by chance,[url=http://duveticamen.blogspot.com/][b]duvetica men[/b][/url], but that they are not kin.
"They triple each other's fitness by associating with genetically similar [blue] males that are not related," said Sinervo.
By contrast, the orange males tended to avoid settling near other orange males since they would suffer a decrease in fitness if they had a genetically similar neighbor.
Throat color in the side-blotched lizard is controlled by the combination of two alleles, a type of TK, at a single position on the chromosome. What Sinervo finds intriguing is that a range of behavioral, physiological, and life-history traits are correlated with throat color.
The male colored morphs show differences not only in the way they interact with other males, but also in how they disperse from their birthplace and choose a territory to settle in, as well as in their hormone levels, immune systems,[url=http://rogervivieronlinesale.olimx.com/][b]roger vivier online[/b][/url], and other physiological traits.
"In order to make it in the world [the lizards] have alleles for throat color, but also the alleles must be working well with the rest of the genome,[url=http://billigmonclerjackenkaufen.olimx.com/][b]Moncler Jacke Damen Outlet Deutschland[/b][/url]," said Sinervo.
Dickinson and Koenig write in their perspective that taken together, the carrion crow and side-blotched lizard studies suggest that "genetic recognition mechanisms may be more widespread and sophisticated than previously suggested."
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